Review Journal of Social Psychology & Social Works
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The Impact of Social Media on Gen Z's Mental Health: A Multifaceted Examination of Self-Diagnosis, Glamorization, and Online Behaviors
The rapid expansion of social media has transformed how young adults engage with mental health information, often blurring the boundaries between awareness, glamorization, and self-diagnosis. This study investigated the relationships among social media use for mental health, glamorization of mental illness, self-diagnosis, and maladaptive online behaviors among Pakistani university students, with a focus on gender differences. Using a cross-sectional design (N = 162), the study employed correlational and regression analyses to test five hypotheses. The results demonstrated that greater social media use for mental health was positively associated with self-diagnosis (r = .277, p < .01; Table 7), supporting Hypothesis 1. Glamorization of mental illness predicted higher levels of self-diagnosis (r = .388, p < .01) and maladaptive online behaviors (r = .606, p < .01), with self-diagnosis mediating this relationship (Table 7), confirming Hypothesis 2. . Regression analyses (Tables 8–10) revealed that both social media use (β = .39, t = 6.11, p < .001) and glamorization (β = .43, t = 6.75, p < .001) significantly predicted maladaptive online behaviors. Regression analyses (Tables 8–10) revealed that both social media use (β = .39, t = 6.11, p < .001) and glamorization (β = .43, t = 6.75, p < .001) significantly predicted maladaptive online behaviors, explaining nearly half of the variance (R² = .488, F(2, 159) = 75.69, p < .001), supporting Hypothesis 3.Gender-specific analyses (Tables 12 and 13) revealed that glamorization was more strongly correlated with self-diagnosis among males (r = .470, p = .002) than females (r = .355, p < .01), partially supporting Hypothesis 4. However, the indirect effect of glamorization on maladaptive online behaviors through self-diagnosis was stronger for females, as indicated by their higher correlations between social media use and online behaviors (r = .717, p < .01) compared to males (r = .304, p = .053), supporting Hypothesis 5. These findings highlight the dual role of social media as both a coping resource and a risk factor. While platforms provide accessible information and peer validation, glamorized portrayals of mental illness encourage self-diagnosis and maladaptive behaviors, particularly among female students. This aligns with prior research showing that glamorization normalizes illness identities and fosters maladaptive engagement (Yıldırım, 2023; Romann & Oeldorf-Hirsch, 2025). The gendered differences observed resonate with studies emphasizing that women are more vulnerable to internalizing glamorized portrayals due to heightened social comparison (He et al., 2024), while men may use glamorization as a covert avenue for acknowledging distress in patriarchal contexts (Mushtaq & de Visser, 2024). The study contributes to the growing literature on digital mental health by situating these dynamics within Pakistan, where stigma and limited access to professional services remain significant barriers (Khalily, 2011; Saeed, Gater, Hussain, & Mubbashar, 2000). The results underscore the need for culturally sensitive interventions that promote digital literacy, reduce glamorization, and expand institutional support for students. Future research should employ longitudinal and cross-cultural designs to further examine causal pathways and test the effectiveness of interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Review Journal of Social Psychology & Social Works
Mindsets and Emotions: Understanding Cognitive Distortions and Emotional Intelligence
The study investigates the relationship between cognitive distortions and emotional intelligence (EI) in shaping coping strategies among university students. Using a quantitative correlational design, data were collected from 150 participants (aged 15 and above) who completed an online survey through the Cognitive Distortions Scale (Briere, 2000) and the Emotional Intelligence Scale (Goleman, 1995). We examined whether individuals with higher EI are more accurate in identifying cognitive distortions and more effective in problem-solving when confronted with distorted thinking. Results indicated that while participants reported moderate levels of cognitive distortions, their EI scores were relatively high, suggesting that emotional competencies may buffer against maladaptive thought patterns. Consistent with Hypothesis 1 (H1), findings revealed a negative association between cognitive distortions and EI, supporting the view that higher levels of distorted thinking are linked to lower emotional intelligence, and vice versa. In addition, Hypothesis 2 (H2) proposed that gender moderates this relationship, with men showing stronger effects in the regulation branch of EI and women in the perception and understanding branches. We used Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, t-tests, correlations, and regression models, which revealed that while cognitive distortions were reported at moderate levels, participants demonstrated relatively high EI scores. Gender differences in cognitive distortions were negligible, though males showed slightly higher variance in EI. Correlational findings indicated a weak, negative, but non-significant association between cognitive distortions and EI, suggesting that while conceptually related, the constructs may interact indirectly through mediating factors such as coping styles or personality traits. Limitations include reliance on self-report measures, convenience sampling, and cross-sectional design, which restrict causal inference. Future research should employ longitudinal and cross-cultural approaches, integrate neurocognitive methods, and explore trauma-informed EI interventions.
LEGAL PATHWAYS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION: A CROSS-JURISDICTIONAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Climate change presents one of the most pressing global challenges, requiring coordinated legal and policy responses across jurisdictions. This research undertakes a comparative analysis of legal frameworks for climate change mitigation, focusing on how different countries and regions design, implement, and enforce climate-related laws. The study examines international agreements such as the Paris Agreement alongside national legislation, regulatory instruments, and market-based mechanisms to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By analyzing enforcement strategies, compliance mechanisms, and the integration of climate policies into broader governance structures, the research highlights both strengths and shortcomings in existing legal pathways. Special attention is given to the role of courts, administrative bodies, and civil society in shaping climate governance. The findings aim to identify best practices, innovative approaches, and areas requiring reform, ultimately offering recommendations for harmonizing legal frameworks and enhancing global cooperation. This comparative perspective contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable development and provides actionable insights for policymakers, legal scholars, and international organizations seeking to strengthen climate change mitigation efforts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Review Journal of Social Psychology & Social Works https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Early Cognitive, Behavioral, and Emotional Indicators of Social Interaction Outcomes in Children with Autism
Among Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) characteristics, social interaction difficulties are a primary cause of functional outcomes over the long term. The current literature is pointing towards growing evidence that cognitive, behavioral and emotional characteristics that develop early on are highly influential in determining the course of social interactions, but these factors are often studied individually, which restricts the knowledge of how these factors interact to affect each other. The empirical research design selected in the current study was quantitative in nature to study the level at which early cognitive, behavioral, and emotional predictors determine the result of social interaction in children with ASD. The design used was cross-sectional and the sample included 280 children aged 3-8 years with a verified ASD diagnosis. Standard caregiver-report and clinician-observation measures were used to assess early cognitive indicators (attention regulation, executive functioning and early language skills), behavioral indicators (joint attention, imitation and play skills) and emotional indicators (emotion regulation, emotion recognition and social motivation). The results of social interaction were measured in terms of reciprocal social communication, peer interaction, and social responsiveness areas. Correlation, multiple regression and hierarchical regression analyses were done to analyze data. Findings were that the three developmental domains had strong correlations with the social interaction outcomes. The social interaction competence was accounted by the collective contribution of early cognitive, behavioral, and emotional indicators (56). Behavioral indicators proved to be the most important predictors and then emotional and cognitive indicators, which each bring specific variance to the model. These results confirm a multidimensional, transactional early social development model of autism and the relevance of comprehensive, developmentally sensitive evaluation and interventions strategies. The paper identifies early behavioral and emotional processes as important intervention points to achieve maximum outcomes in social interaction among children with ASD.
Rise of Populism and Nationalism in International Relations: Implications and Challenges
This paper critically examines the rise of populism and nationalism in international relations, situating these forces within the broader crisis of liberal democracy and globalization. Populism, understood as a political logic that juxtaposes “the people” against “the elite,” and nationalism, emphasizing sovereignty and collective identity, have increasingly shaped foreign policy across diverse contexts. Drawing on theoretical frameworks of realism, liberal institutionalism, and constructivism, the study analyzes how populism and nationalism disrupt established norms, weaken multilateral institutions, and reconfigure global governance. The analysis identifies key drivers of these phenomena, including economic inequality, globalization backlash, migration and identity politics, democratic erosion, and the transformative role of digital media. Case studies of the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Hungary, and India illustrate the concrete manifestations of populist‑nationalist foreign policies, highlighting common themes of retreat from multilateralism, personalization of diplomacy, and emphasis on sovereignty. The paper further explores implications for security, economic integration, climate governance, and migration regimes, underscoring the destabilizing effects on collective action. While acknowledging critical perspectives that view populism and nationalism as corrective forces democratizing foreign policy debates, the paper concludes that their cumulative impact is destabilizing. Future trajectories suggest scenarios ranging from multipolar populism to hybrid governance, with profound consequences for global order.
The Role of Instagram Stories in Influencing Consumer Engagement with Beauty Brands: A Comparative Analysis
Social media has revolutionized marketing for beauty brands globally, and Instagram is a prime example, serving as a virtual beauty counter where consumer choices are greatly influenced. This study focuses on comparing how Instagram Stories affect consumer engagement with local high-end and drugstore beauty brands. Using a mixed-methods approach, we gathered both quantitative metrics and qualitative feedback from consumers. The findings reveal that Instagram Stories significantly boost engagement for all brands, albeit in different ways: high-end brands use them to highlight quality and luxury, while drugstore brands emphasize affordability and promotions. The study reveals that consumer engagement is positively correlated with the narrative quality, content frequency, and viewer interactivity of the stories. These insights contribute to the growing body of knowledge on digital marketing within the beauty industry, while also offering actionable strategies for brand managers aiming to optimize their social media presence for increased market engagement.
Learning in the Shadow of Climate Change: Educational Challenges and Leadership Responses in Pakistan
Climate change poses profound threats to education systems worldwide, with developing countries bearing disproportionate risks. Pakistan, consistently ranked among the most climate-vulnerable nations, has witnessed severe floods, heatwaves, and environmental degradation that disrupt education at scale. This study investigates how school principals perceive and respond to climate-induced challenges in Pakistan’s educational sector. Drawing on qualitative interviews with principals from private and a public school, the research employs thematic analysis to identify key issues related to infrastructure resilience, student and teacher well-being, curriculum adaptations, and policy awareness. Findings reveal that both schools struggle with climate-induced disruptions but differ in capacity and resources to respond. Leadership emerges as a critical factor in sustaining learning during crises, though systemic policy and infrastructural gaps persist. The study contributes to resilience and sustainable education literature by situating Pakistan’s experience within global debates. It recommends integrating climate education into curricula, expanding teacher training, investing in resilient infrastructure, and empowering principals as frontline leaders of adaptation. These findings underscore the urgent need for tailored interventions that prepare educational institutions in climate-vulnerable contexts to sustain equitable and quality learning.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Maternal Codependency and its Impact on the Self-Esteem and Self-Concept Clarity of Eldest Daughters
The present study aimed to assess relationship of codependency in mothers and their firstborn daughters, and to examine the relationship between mother codependency of daughters, their self-esteem and self-concept clarity. A correlational research design was employed, and participants were recruited through a purposive sampling. The Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale was administered on both mothers and daughters. Additionally, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Self-Concept Clarity Scale were administered on daughters. Results of correlation indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between the codependency of mothers and their daughters (r= .70, p< .001), reflecting intergenerational presence of codependency. Pearson correlations revealed that codependency was negatively correlated with self-concept clarity, while self-esteem was also significantly and negatively correlated with self-concept clarity. However, no significant relationship was observed between codependency and self-esteem. Simple linear regression analysis further showed that codependency significantly predicted self-concept clarity, with higher codependency scores associated with lower self-concept clarity. The intergenerational nature of codependency between mothers and daughters suggests that such relational dynamics may influence the development of daughters’ identity development. The results underscore the need for interventions aimed at strengthening self-concept clarity via fostering healthier family relationships.
Students’ Perceptions of Teacher Interaction in the English Classroom: A Gender-Based Study
This paper has explored how secondary school students perceive teacher interaction in the English classroom, gender variation being the case of interest. A quantitative, descriptive-comparative research design was adopted, which included 1,350 students 675 male and 675 female students in Grades 8, 9, and 10 in government secondary schools of District Gujranwala in Pakistan. The standardized Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI-U) was used to collect the data and is a questionnaire that assesses teacher behaviors in eight subscales. These results showed that the students tended to see their teachers as supportive, understanding, helpful, and leadership-oriented, and admonishing, uncertainty, and dissatisfaction were rarely noticed. There was a gender analysis of male and female students where their perceptions were close with a slight difference where female students had a better perception of leadership. In general, the research paper reveals the significance of good and fair teacher relations in building appropriate, encouraging, and socially positive learning experiences. The results give an informational source to the educators and the policymakers to ultimately improve the interactions of the teachers and the students as well as to foster the development of the students as a whole being.
Digital Literacy as a Mediating Variable: Assessing the Internet's Transformative Impact on Mainstream Media Engagement among University of Swat
This study investigates the impact of internet adoption on mainstream media consumption patterns among students at the University of Swat. Framed within the theoretical perspective of the Uses and Gratifications theory, the research examines the shifting preferences and perceived utility of digital versus traditional media platforms. Employing a quantitative approach, data were collected via a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of 100 students across diverse academic departments. The findings indicate a pronounced preference for the internet as a primary information medium, largely attributed to its perceived accessibility and utility for academic purposes. Consequently, the results demonstrate a significant displacement effect, with internet usage substantially exceeding engagement with traditional media outlets including television, radio, and newspapers for information gathering. The study concludes that the internet is redefining media consumption hierarchies within the student demographic, underscoring a critical transition towards digital-centric information ecosystems.
Cancer and Family Dynamics: The Role of Social Worker in Supporting Pakistani Cancer Patients Families
Cancer has not only physical, but emotional stability, communication patterns and overall functioning of the families of the patient is often disrupted, which in turn causes increased stress, role conflict and financial strain. The burden on the family increases in Pakistan, particularly in Punjab, due to a scarcity of healthcare facilities and psychosocial support services, and excessive treatment cost, which is typically transferred to a family, who is expected to handle the role of a caregiver at home. The current study is a quantitative cross-sectional study, which aims at testing the connection between social work interventions and family dynamics. The study uses Chi-square test to examine nominal variables and evaluate the relationships between the results of social work services and family coping. This study identified 300 relatives of cancer patients in Pakistan to be participants in this study. The research population was narrowed down to the family members who were directly engaged with the patient i.e. spouse, parent, or adult children and were directly engaged with a patient who was receiving at least six months of cancer treatment. The structured questionnaire, which was split into four major parts, was used to obtain data. The first one collected demographic data, such as age, gender, connection with the patient, family income, and level of education. In the second section, the research was devoted to the attitudes and psychological effects of cancer on family members and the measurement of the psychological distress and emotional well-being by using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Data obtained were analyzed with the help of SPSS version 26. The frequency distributions, percentages and mean scores as the descriptive statistics were used in order to summarize the demographic features of the participants and their most important variables. Also, the Chi-square test was employed to test the relationship between the access to social work interventions and familial dynamic changes, namely, the coping skills, emotional functioning, and financial assistance.
Trump’s 20-Point Peace Plan for Gaza: Implications for Palestine
The decades’ stricken issue of Palestine gained great momentum about two years and three months ago when tension got escalated between Hamas and Israel. The conflict has been lingering on for the last few decades but no viable solution has been carved out for the resolution of the dispute. Since then thousands of Palestinians have lost their lives besides getting injuries and loss to their infrastructure. Trump’s personal interest in the dispute has given it more momentum, vitality and projection at the international level by announcing his 20-Point Peace Plan for Gaza covering almost all aspects of the core issues between Palestine and Israel. The plan is a more comprehensive strategy encompassing governance and reconstruction, security and the future political horizon. Main objective of the study is to analyze the 20-Point Peace Plan for Gaza by Donald Trump, US President, for the resolution of conflict between Palestine and Israel and its implications for Palestine. Findings of the research study emphasize that resolution of conflict is fraught with many issues and challenges but sincere and dedicated efforts may help in bringing peace and stability in the Middle East.
Decision Fatigue in the Digital Era: Are AI Solutions Curing the Disease or Just Numbing the Symptoms?
This article critically examines whether artificial intelligence (AI)–driven recommendation systems genuinely alleviate decision fatigue or instead undermine user agency by transforming active choice into passive acceptance. Drawing upon ego depletion theory and the paradox of choice, the study analyzes how digital platforms particularly Netflix and Foodpanda reshape decision-making processes through algorithmic curation. While such systems reduce immediate cognitive strain, they simultaneously foster behavioral predictability, reinforce echo chambers, and weaken users’ exploratory capacity. The article argues that contemporary platforms prioritize engagement-based metrics over long-term user satisfaction, resulting in a subtle form of learned helplessness. Finally, the study proposes an alternative design framework that reduces cognitive load while preserving autonomy, emphasizing transparency, controlled friction, and user-centered decision architectures.
Social Work and Human Rights in Disaster Relief: Advocating for Vulnerable Populations Post-Disaster: A case study of Pakistan
Natural disaster prevalence and severity have been on the rise in Pakistan, yet, post-disaster recovery actions are still inadequately satisfying the human rights of the vulnerable groups. Current disaster response strategies are mostly geared towards short-term humanitarian aid, emergency relief instead of safeguarding and satisfying the basic rights like access to proper housing, health services, food security, inclusion and honor. The following objectives of this study are as follows: To investigate the degree to which social work practices during post-disaster relief and recovery in Pakistan integrate human rights principles. To examine advocacy functions of social workers preserving and advancing the rights of vulnerable groups of people affected by the disaster in Pakistan. To find out the institutional, policy level, and socio-cultural barriers that impede effective rights-based social work interventions in post-disaster settings. To recommend social work strategies that are human rights oriented and can be used to empower disaster relief and recovery efforts on vulnerable Pakistan citizens. The research design used in this study was a qualitative case study research design, in order to investigate the manner in which social work practices apply to the operationalization of human rights principles in the post disaster relief to the vulnerable members of the Pakistani population. The researcher was driven by an interpretivist research philosophy focusing on studying social reality based on the opinions and lived experiences of the participants. The study was carried out in some of the disaster-affected areas in Pakistan, especially in those areas which were affected by floods and other hazards caused by climate. The population of the study included social work practitioners, members of community who were impacted by the disaster, the local leaders, and the main stakeholders engaged in the process of post-disaster relief and recovery. Participants who were relevant to the study in their terms of knowledge and experience of post-disaster relief and social work advocacy were selected by use of a purposive sampling method. Interviews were semi-structured and focused group, where flexibility was provided, but the interviews adhered to the research question. Individual interviews in the form of semi-structured interviews that allowed in-depth examination of experiences, perceptions and advocacy of the participants, as well as the group discussion within the focus groups allowed the community members to reflect on participating in the community and protecting their rights. The thematic analysis was used to analyze the collected data, according to the proposed framework. Informed consent, confidentiality, voluntary participation, and cultural sensitivity are some of the ethical principles that were highly adhered to during the study.
The Sociology of Legal Aid in Pakistan: Bridging the Gap between Law and Marginalized Communities
This article explores sociology of legal aid in Pakistan in terms of the structural, cultural and institutional barriers in which justice can be restricted against the marginalized communities. It examines the effects of poverty, illiteracy, gender disparity and the geographic distance on the legal awareness and interaction with the formal legal institutions. The study examines how the gaps can be filled through the state-sponsored legal aid, non-governmental organizations, and informal systems of justice. In employing the sociological perspective, the paper identifies power dynamics between the legal institutions and the vulnerable group and assesses the success of the current legal assistance structures to support social justice and legal empowerment in Pakistan.
The 10-Marla Mandate: Socio-Economic Impacts of PEF's 2026 Infrastructure Compliance Policy
This study looks into the major operational and socio-economic effect of the Punjab Education Foundation’s (PEF) 2024-2026 infrastructure plan (PEF | Welcome To Punjab Education Foundation, n.d.), especially focusing on the requirements that all schools must have at least 10 Marla of land. While this rule is meant to ensure a uniform standard of education, it creates a serious challenge for independent Low Fee Private Schools (LFPS)((PDF) Low Fee Private Schools and the Quality of Education in Pakistan, n.d.), especially those in crowded urban areas where land is scare and expensive. The research uses a mix method, including data from online survey form from school principals and owners and a detailed look at recent educational studies. Early results show a big gap in compliance, with many urban schools operating on less than 5 Marla, the data suggests that if the strict deadline of November 2026 is enforced, there could be a lot of school’s closures, leading to an "Educational Vacuum" and a rise in student dropouts, especially among girls from poorer neighbourhoods. The study also points out a growing risk of market dominance by large school chains, which might reduce the educational fairness and they are also more expensive in market. The research ends with a proposal for a “Zoning-Based Flexibility Model”, suggesting vertical development and covered spaces as better alternatives to rigid land size rules. These findings offer important guidance for PEF and the School Education Department (SED) to maintain quality while ensuring access to education for local communities
Faculty Satisfaction in their Trifocal Tasks Teaching, Research, and Services: A Gender and Designation Wise Comparison
The present study aimed to explore the faculty’s satisfaction level in their trifocal tasks (teaching, research, and administrative services) and their gender and designation wise comparison in universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The research design of the study was descriptive for which survey method was adopted to collect data from 320 faculty members of six public sector universities of KP selected by using multistage sampling technique. Data was collected from 218 male and 102 female faculty members out of which 17 were professor, 41 associate professor, 143 assistant professor and 119 were lecturer from different social and natural sciences departments. Questionnaire regarding faculty’s satisfaction level in teaching, research, and administrative services was used for data collection. Results reveals that
Nature and Ecological Consciousness in Wordsworth’s Poetry: An Ecolinguistic Analysis
Existing studies tend to describe Wordsworth’s ecological imagination either through ecocritical exegesis or by quantifying the frequency of nature-related lexicon, rather than by closely analysing ecological constructions in language. Drawing on Arran Stibbe’s ecolinguistic framework of “stories we live by,” this paper qualitatively explores how Wordsworth’s poetry constructs, supports, questions, or complicates the cultural stories humans tell about our relationship to nature, and whether and how these patterns support ecological flourishing. Four poems were chosen to represent a range of Wordsworth’s ecological “positions” (The Tables Turned, The World Is Too Much With Us, Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud) and closely analyzed via a transparent coding process identifying recurrence across lines of evaluation, agency, metaphor/frame, identity/relationship, and salience/erasure. Results show that Wordsworth habitually constructs productive re-storying through endowing nonhumans with agency and aliveness, praising receptive modes of engagement with the more-than-human world over exploitation, and connecting material reality to ethics and affect. Conversely, the poems are also suggestive of an underlying tension: Nature is often legitimised through anthropocentric comforts of consolation and psychological well-being, indicating the reach of an anthropocentric boundary in what would otherwise be ecocentric language. The analysis above showed how ecolinguistics may offer a testable approach to literary interpretation and clarify Wordsworth's ecological vision at the discursive level.
Individualization and Mental Well-Being among Youth: The Mediating Role of Social Disembedding
This paper examines the connection between individualization and mental wellbeing, evaluate the impact of individualization on social disembedding and determine the mediating role of social disembedding in the connection. These processes are particularly relevant to the case of young adults in the fast-urbanizing Pakistan, which experiences heightened self-responsibility in the context of diminished institutional support. The quantitative, cross-sectional design was adopted to gather survey data on 385 urban adults (18-35 years old) in Sargodha, Pakistan. Measurement of individualization, social disembedding and mental well-being was done using standardized scales. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to test direct and indirect effects. Individualization was positively associated with mental well-being but also significantly increased social disembedding, which negatively affected mental well-being. Social disembedding partially mediated the relationship between individualization and mental well-being. Policies and interventions should strengthen community, family, and institutional support systems to mitigate the mental health costs of individualization in urban Pakistan.
Exploring Teachers’ Role in Promoting Students’ Mental Health and Emotional Well Being in Secondary Schools of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
This study explores the role of teachers in promoting students’ mental health and emotional well-being in secondary schools of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Using a qualitative research design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 teachers (10 males and 10 female). Thematic analysis revealed ten key themes: awareness of students’ mental health needs, emotional support, classroom strategies, teacher-student relationships, challenges in addressing mental health, school environment, awareness of emotional well-being, teacher training, parental and community engagement and personal reflection. Findings indicate that teachers play a central role in fostering students’ resilience, self-confidence, and emotional regulation, though their efforts are constrained by limited training, resources, large class sizes, and societal stigma. Female teachers highlighted additional gender-sensitive and cultural considerations, particularly for female students. The study recommends structured professional development, supportive school policies, parental involvement, interactive classroom strategies, and reflective teacher practices to enhance students’ mental health and emotional well-being. These insights provide guidance for policymakers, educators and school administrators in creating inclusive and supportive learning environments.
Constitutional Guarantees and Social Realities: Christian Minority Rights and the Prospects of Muslim–Christian Interfaith Harmony in Pakistan
This study examines the gap between constitutional guarantees and the lived realities of the Christian minority in Pakistan. It aims to assess whether existing legal protections translate into meaningful social, political, and economic rights, and to evaluate the prospects for sustainable Muslim–Christian interfaith harmony within the current institutional and societal framework. The Constitution of Pakistan formally guarantees fundamental rights, including freedom of religion, equality before law, and safeguards against discrimination. Articles 20, 22, 25, and 36 provide explicit protections for religious minorities. Despite these guarantees, Christian communities frequently report challenges related to social exclusion, economic marginalization, misuse of blasphemy laws, limited political representation, and vulnerabilities in employment and education sectors. This disconnect between constitutional text and social practice raises critical questions about state capacity, institutional enforcement, and the broader socio-political culture that shapes interfaith relations. This study adopts a qualitative research design based on document analysis, policy review, and semi-structured interviews with minority rights activists, legal experts, clergy members, and community representatives. Primary sources include constitutional provisions, judicial decisions, and policy documents, while secondary sources include scholarly literature, human rights reports, and media accounts. Thematic analysis is used to identify patterns of institutional gaps, social attitudes, and interfaith engagement mechanisms. The findings reveal a structural implementation gap between constitutional commitments and on-ground realities. While the legal framework provides formal protection, enforcement mechanisms remain weak and inconsistent. Social discrimination, limited access to justice, and politicization of religious identity continue to undermine minority security and inclusion. However, the study also identifies emerging interfaith initiatives led by civil society organizations, religious scholars, and grassroots networks that demonstrate potential for improving Muslim–Christian dialogue. These initiatives, though promising, remain fragmented and lack sustained institutional support. The study recommends strengthening institutional enforcement of minority rights through judicial oversight and administrative accountability. Legal reforms should focus on procedural safeguards to prevent misuse of sensitive laws. Education curricula must incorporate structured interfaith literacy to reduce prejudice at an early stage. Furthermore, structured state-supported interfaith councils with measurable mandates should replace symbolic dialogue platforms. Without systematic reform and political will, constitutional guarantees will remain declaratory rather than transformative.
From Fun to Function: Examining the Sequential Roles of Creative Self-Efficacy and Intrapreneurial Intention in Translating Workplace Fun into Employee Intrapreneurial Behavior
As a source of innovation and sustainable development, organizations will be interested in encouraging intrapreneurial behaviour among the employees in a highly dynamic and competitive business environment. The paper uses the social cognitive theory and intention-based models of entrepreneurship to determine the role the fun at work plays in shaping intrapreneurial behaviour of employees by the sequencing mediating effect of the creative self-efficacy and intrapreneurial intention of employees. The structured method of survey was used to collect data on 600 fulltime employees in the manufacturing organizations in Pakistan. The proposed hypotheses were tested with the help of the structural equation modeling and bootstrapping. The findings demonstrate that fun at workplaces directly influences intrapreneurial behaviour of employees. To this the relationship is also mediated by creative self-efficacy and intrapreneurial intention whose mediation effects are also large indicating that there is a process by which fun at the workplace and intrapreneurial behaviour are connected with each other which is also cognitive and motivational in nature. The research paper can be added to the literature on the field of the intrapreneurship as it demonstrates that fun at work is an effective organizational tool and it can improve the creative courage and entrepreneurial spirit of the employees.
Traumatic Impact of Dust Bowl in Hannah’s The Four Winds: A Psychoanalytic Critique
This study means to carry out a psychoanalytic critique of the Dust Bowl's traumatic impact as depicted in Kristin Hannah's novel The Four Winds. The Dust Bowl, a devastating ecological crisis in the 1930s, profoundly affected Americans' lives. The Four Winds explore the emotional and psychological aftermath of this disaster through its characters, notably Elsa Martinelli, as they grapple with the challenges of survival amid dust storms, economic collapse, and societal turmoil. This analysis delves into the psychological dimensions of trauma, resilience, and adaptation in the novel. It examines how the relentless hardships of the Dust Bowl strain the characters' mental and emotional well-being, with a particular focus on Elsa's journey. Her resilience and evolving mental state will offer insights into the human capacity to endure adversity. In conclusion, this psychological analysis of The Four Winds reveals how traumatic events, like the Dust Bowl, mold the human psyche, testing its limits while showcasing its potential for resilience and growth. By examining the novel's portrayal of trauma and recovery, this analysis likely to explain the lasting psychological impact of environmental catastrophes and the enduring strength of those who endure them.
Consumer Satisfaction as a Function of Strategic Management Practices: Evidence from Pakistani Firms
This study investigates the relationship between strategic management practices and consumer satisfaction among firms operating in Pakistan. Grounded in strategic management and consumer behavior theories, the research examines how planning, implementation, and evaluation strategies influence customer perceptions and loyalty. A quantitative research design was employed using a structured questionnaire administered to 300 respondents across manufacturing and service sectors. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and regression techniques. Findings reveal that effective strategic management practices significantly enhance consumer satisfaction by improving service quality, responsiveness, and innovation. Moreover, firms adopting proactive strategies demonstrate higher customer retention and loyalty levels. The study underscores the importance of aligning organizational strategy with consumer-centric goals to sustain competitiveness. Recommendations are provided for managers to strengthen strategic initiatives that foster long-term customer satisfaction and organizational performance.
Prevalence of Learners with Speech and Language Impairments in Communication Skills at the Elementary Level
This​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌ study investigated the prevalence of speech and language difficulties (SLIs) in primary-level learners and the extent to which these problems impact their communication skills. The research, which used a descriptive quantitative design, obtained data of 300 students from 5 different elementary schools through several standardized instruments and teacher-administered questionnaires. The results indicated that 14.6% of the children had speech and language impairments to varying degrees. Moreover, the research uncovered that the number of males and children from multilingual families was higher among those with SLIs. The statistical techniques employed, such as t-test and ANOVA, showed that the differences in children performance in communication skills tasks due to their age and socioeconomic status were significant from a statistical point of ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌view. The investigation emphasizes the indispensable requirement of screening and intervention programs at the early stage to equip learners with SLIs in academic and social spheres. This evidence nurtures the existing literature and thus, the study is a call for implementation of inclusive education as well as the essentiality of speech-language instruction at the primary ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌level.
Freedom of Expression in the Digital age: Effect of Prevention of Electronic Crime Act (PECA) on Pakistani Media
This study looks at how the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016 affects freedom of expression in Pakistan, A especially as the country's digital media scene changes quickly. Based on the constitutional protection given in Article 19 of Pakistan's Constitution, the research explores how, lists, editors, media groups, and digital rights activists understand and deal with the restrictions from PECA. The study used a qualitative approach, including semi-structured interviews with media professionals and cyber law experts, along with a review of legal texts, court decisions, and other literature on digital governance and media rules in Pakistan. The results show that while PECA was meant to tackle online crimes and improve cybersquatting, its application has led to unexpected issues for press freedom and democratic discussion. Journalists say they are more likely to self-censor, face pressure from editors, and find it harder to do investigative reporting because they fear being prosecuted under unclear legal terms. Regulatory bodies have also interpreted the law broadly, allowing them to block certain content and intimidate media workers who publish different views or politically sensitive material. The study also points out that PECA has a bigger effect on underrepresented voices in the media, especially female journalists and digital content creators, who experience more online harassment and trolling. These gender-based challenges have limited their involvement in digital journalism, creating new kinds of inequality in access to free speech. When compared to international human rights standards, like Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the research finds that PECA doesn't meet the principles of legality, necessity, and proportionality needed to justify limits on speech. In general, the study argues that while some regulation is needed to deal with online harm and false information, PECA needs major changes to make sure cyber security goals don't go against constitutional freedoms. It suggests more judicial supervision, clear policy processes, and training programs for journalists and media organizations to protect digital rights. Building these systems can help Pakistan find a fairer balance between national security and the basic right to free expression in the digital age.
An Introduction to Pakistan Electronic Crime Act
This research study is an introduction to Pakistan Electronic Crime Act which discusses the issues related to media regulations in Pakistan. The rapid growth of digital platforms has transformed communication, political participation, and public discourse, while also increasing challenges such as cyberbullying, online harassment, hate speech, misinformation, and privacy violations. In response, PECA 2016 was enacted to address cybercrime and regulate online spaces; however, concerns remain regarding its implementation, transparency, and impact on fundamental rights. This act has been the central point of discussion in many research inquiries and debates. PECA functions primarily as a protective mechanism for citizens or reflects broader structural and political dynamics within Pakistan’ s digital governance framework. The main themes of the research include regulatory effectiveness, institutional enforcement capacity, transparency and accountability, protection of freedom of expression, and the balance between national security and digital rights. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative content analysis, analysis of documents to evaluate how the regulatory framework operates in practice.it analyzes content removal powers, blocking authorities, and criminal penalties implemented by the PTA, assessing them through criteria such as legal clarity, fairness, accessibility, and measurable impact on reducing online harms.
The Impact of Forced Migration on Socio-Economic Condition of Migrants “A Case Study of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa”
This study is an attempt to understand the impact of forced migration on the socio-economic condition of migrants in district Swat. The objectives of the study are to focus on the socio-economic condition of the forced-displaced community and its effects on their social mobility. The quantitative method was utilized for the conduction of the study. The primary data was collected from a total of 384 respondents through a stratified sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. Furthermore, univariate level data was analyzed through percentages and frequency distribution, and bivariate chi-square tests were applied to find the association between the study variables. The study found that forced displacement has badly affected several social, economic, political, psychological, cultural, and traditional effects. Besides, the study focused on both the upward and downward mobility of forced-displaced communities. Forced displacement sometimes also exposes people to new socio-economic opportunities. The forced displaced people adopt new professions and establish new businesses to earn livelihood in the host areas. The forced displaced people left their homes, properties, markets, and businesses, which badly affected their socioeconomic mobility. majority of the respondents i.e. 59.4% said that forced displacement affected the social mobility of migrants because their socio-economic condition was affected. While 58.6% of respondents said that forced displacement has effects on the social life of migrants. Most of the forced displaced people faced economic problems, a lack of education facilities, psychological problems, and living a low standard of life due to low income.
Munir Ahmad Badini as a Drama Writer: An Analytical Study
Munir Ahmad Badini occupies a notable position in Balochi literature mainly as a fiction writer; however, his contribution to Balochi drama remains equally significant and merits academic attention. Vigorously engagement in drama writing since the 1970s, Badini wrote numerous radio and television dramas for Radio Pakistan Quetta and PTV Bolan, Quetta Centre. Though his fictional works grew wider acceptance, his dramatic works represent a critical depiction of the Baloch society. Majority of Badini’s dramas are tragic in nature, reflecting the socio-cultural stiffnesses, moral dilemmas, and empirical struggles of Baloch life. His dramatic characters are deeply rooted in indigenous realities and represent the shared experiences of loss, resistance, and flexibility within Baloch society. Through tragic descriptions and complex characterizations, Badini discloses the fundamental causes of social grievances and highlights the structural challenges faced by the Baloch people. This paper illustrates the essence of Munir Ahmad Badini’s dramatic works, with specific focus on tragic description and its social roles. By examining selected dramas, the study aims to prove how tragedy functions as a literary tool through which Badini enunciates social critique and conserves the Baloch cultural awareness.
The Big Three Perfectionism Scale-Short Form: Urdu Translation and Validation in Pakistani Culture
The present study translated the Big Three Perfectionism Scale-Short Form into Urdu and evaluated its psychometric properties among students at various universities and colleges in Pakistan. The forward-backward translation was carried out, followed by a pilot testing to determine the clarity and cultural appropriateness of the translated version with 20 participants. Then, the main study was conducted with 400 students (200 males, 200 females; aged between 18 and 30 years) who completed the Urdu BTPS-SF online. The analysis revealed satisfactory internal consistency of the scale (α = .837) and acceptable reliability of the subscales: Rigid Perfectionism (α = .714), Self-Critical Perfectionism (α = .729), and Narcissistic Perfectionism (α = .653). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesized three-factor structure: CMIN/DF = 2.455, IFI = .903, CFI = .902, TLI = .877, RMSEA = .060. The composite reliability values were adequate for Rigid and Self-Critical Perfectionism: 0.736 and 0.711, respectively. The findings slightly fell short of the threshold criteria for Narcissistic Perfectionism, which had a value of 0.621. The evidence for convergent validity was partial, whereas the discriminant validity could not be fully established. However, the interrelatedness of the perfectionism dimensions is conceptually explained. In all, the Urdu version of the BTPS-SF is a reliable and culturally relevant multidimensional perfectionism measure that provides a valid means for conducting research and practical applications.
Serving Vessels and Social Archaeology: Interpreting Pedestaled Ceramics of the Indus Civilization
After first discovery of Indus Civilization in 1829 by Charles Mason British Officers an attentive notice initiated. The reports and results from Harappa excavation confirmed after Mohenjo-Daro excavation. Consequently, the existence of a huge civilization was agreed throughout the globe having its contemporariness with Mesopotamia and Egypt was attested. The absence of deciphered textual records, paintings on the walls of large palaces and tombs and other type of definite remains have resulted ambiguity in numerous basic concepts about the Indus Civilization. The slow and bit-by-bit discovered data interpretive comprehension provides the clarity of the cultural issues. Till now, the social organization of 2600–1900 BCE phase remains partially understood. Thus, the present paper examines the ceramics and a distinctive category of pedestaled vessels such as Dish-on-Stand (DoS), Bowl-on-Stand (BoS), and Cup-on-Stand (CoS). are further explored for grasping the patterns of social behavior, food practices, and symbolic display within Indus society. Sketching on archaeological evidence from multi-tiered settlement pattern across the Indus domain. Pedestaled vessels are interpreted not merely as utilitarian containers but as serving devices associated with presentation of personal and communal feasting, and possibly ritualized practices. Within the framework of social archaeology, this study argues that pedestaled ceramic vessels functioned as material mediators of social relations, reflecting norms of community integration, and symbolic communication in the Indus world. The discussion surrounds the make utility and availability of food vessels, the types and kinds of serving utensils with focus on the make as simple verses complex procedures; frequent and infrequent use; ritual and regular use and their physical appearance expressing the status division in given society. The significance of present work is fabricated in new direction of perceiving the results about social stratification through feast furniture of the Indus Civilization.
Tradition and Transformation: Social Change in Rural Pakhtun Society
Social change is a universal and continuous phenomenon that influences all aspects of human life. Societies constantly evolve due to technological innovation, economic development, political transformation, and cultural interaction. Traditional societies, including Pakhtun society, have historically been characterized by strong cultural norms and social institutions. However, globalization, education, communication technologies, and modernization have significantly transformed these structures. This study examines the relationship between society, culture, and social change and analyzes their impacts on rural Pakhtun society. The research discusses theoretical perspectives on social change and explores changes in social values, economic structures, education, culture, and communication in rural Pakhtun communities. The study concludes that while modernization has improved living standards and opportunities, it has also altered traditional social structures and cultural practices.
The Role of Showbiz Towards Erupting Extremism and Liberalism A Sociological Analysis of Pakistani Culture and Showbiz
This study mainly focused on the role of media behind the ongoing ideological conflict between the evolving cultural values of liberals and the conventional culture of conservatives. The way Pakistani media depicts the content having LGBTQ+ representation makes their intentions obvious to normalize this phenomenon in Pakistani society where the majority of people follow the conventional religious values in their lives. The people of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan are showing their serious concerns about this type of depiction. In this study, researchers chose two movies (Zindagi Tamasha and Joyland) and one drama (Barzukh). Researchers drew the arguments based on analysis and comments of the public that were taken as very emotive by the society. According to the Pakistani audience, the themes of these movies and serials created controversies among the viewers. That’s why researchers selected these particular movies and dramas. The majority of Pakistani people were against this kind of content, and they were not in favor of considering themselves as part of this culture that claims to be modern liberal. They were seen disowning these kinds of values propagated through such movies and dramas. The need of the hour is, that showbiz and the media must take into account the major social problems to be discussed and highlighted, such as honor killing, mob lynching, and other social and ethical dilemmas as compared to the issues that are not concerned and disliked by the majority of people.
“A Comparative Study to Assess Effects of Social Media (Facebook) on Academic Performance among Extrovert and Introvert Personality Females of Government Medical University Student aged (18 – 25)”
A Comparative study to assess the effects of Social Media (Facebook) on academic performance among extrovert introvert female final year students of Medical Technology Department at Jinnah Sindh Medical University aged (18 – 25). Background: Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004 while he was a student at Harvard University. Until 2006, Facebook allowed anyone over the age of 13 with a valid email address nowadays, Facebook is the world's largest social network with more than 1 billion users worldwide. The use of the Internet, such as Facebook, affects the learning of the majority of students as it prevents them from devoting valuable time to academic aspiration. Some students reported being able to control how long they used Internet programs, but most said they didn't know when to stop. Question: How Extreme Facebook Usage is affecting Academic Performance of Extroverts and Introverts Student? Objectives: • To assess the extrovert and introvert personality, social media (Facebook) usage and its effects on academic performance of female students of Medical Technology Department? • To find out the association between effects of Facebook on academic performance among introvert and extrovert female students of Medical Technology department (Final year) at Jinnah Sindh Medical University. Methodology: The study was comparative in nature. This was a qualitative research. Convenient sampling method was used for data collection. This study was conducted at Jinnah Sindh Medical University Undergraduate (Final year) Extroverts and Introverts Student aged 18 – 25. The sample consisted of total 62 Student Out of which 33 Extroverts Student and 29 Introverts Student. The sample was taken by using Online Questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of a total 25 Question out which 5 Questions were Demographic 8 questions for Personality Assessment by using Introversion Scale, 4 Questions for Facebook Usage by using Bergan Facebook Addiction Scale and 8 questions for Academic Performance Assessment by using Academic Life Assessment Scale. 5 point Likert Scale was Used. Chi square test and Independent sample t-test were used to analyse data on SPSS. Result: Extrovert females were more addicted then introvert females and due to Facebook addiction academic performance of extrovert females were more affected as compare to introvert females. Conclusion : Through this study it is concluded that extroverts are more addicted to Facebook as they like socialization for the purpose of entertainment , sharing their ideas and pictures with others they are using Facebook where they wasting a lot of time which is affecting their Academic performance and introverts are less interested in socialization , sharing pictures and ideas , making friends so they are more conscious towards their grades and has low time duration on Facebook that’s why they are less addicted and their academic performance is less affected as compare to extroverts.
A Translanguaging Investigation of International Students Experience with Urdu and English as their non-native Language in a Private University in Lahore
International students face many challenges when studying abroad. This study assesses the socio-psycholinguistic dynamics of foreign students at a Pakistani university. The population for this study consists of foreign university students studying at a Pakistani university. The study's sample is drawn from university students. This research examines the socio-psycholinguistic dynamics that non-native university students encounter in a Pakistani classroom where English and Urdu are the main teaching languages. The study highlights the mutually reinforcing link between language and social interaction, highlighting how individual origins, linguistic varieties, and sociocultural environments affect language acquisition success. This study aims to uncover the intricacies of language learning in a multicultural classroom by examining the psychological and sociocultural challenges foreign students face, including identity issues, communication difficulties, and feelings of loneliness. To better understand the lived experiences of international students and offer recommendations to improve their integration and learning outcomes, the study uses a quantitative research approach and a Likert scale to collect data. The results likely help teachers better understand the varied requirements of non-native students and promote a more welcoming classroom environment that considers students' diverse language and cultural backgrounds. Ultimately, this study advances our knowledge of how language, identity, and social dynamics interact in higher education environments.
Balancing Global and Local: English Language Policy and Cultural Preservation in the Philippines
The language policy in the multilinguals societies tends to show the contradiction between global communication and local culture maintenance. This paper addresses the impacts of prioritization of the English language in the Philippines on the socio-cultural activities and preservation of indigenous languages. The study employs a qualitative research methodology, which forms the basis of the study through the use of interviews as a source of research data. The data offer an understanding of how the participants perceive the prioritization of English language and their competency and level of language use. The results will endeavor to point out the influence of the increased focus of the English language on individual identity, education process and socializing among the Filipino communities. Concurrently, the paper also looks into issues touching on the maintenance of local languages and cultural heritage in the context of the growing globalization of language. Through the study of these dynamics, the research is relevant to the debate on the policy of languages as the researchers highlight the importance of a moderate means of strengthening the English language at the expense of the local languages and cultural backgrounds. Finally, the research provides information to policy makers and educators when developing policies in education and linguistics that address the dynamics of multilingual societies such as the Philippines. The results aim to encourage more inclusive language use, which facilitates the global interaction as well as maintenance of linguistic and cultural diversity.
Traditional Sociological Myths and Social Exclusion: Examining the Moderating Role of Education, Media Exposure, and Social Awareness in Sindh
This paper analyses the effect of the conventional sociological myths on social exclusion in Sindh, Pakistan and explores the moderating abilities of education, exposure to media and social consciousness. Based on a positivist philosophy and quantitative cross-sectional design, a survey was used to collect data on 193 respondents on the basis of a structured survey. The independent variables were measured using seven sociological myths, which were social hierarchy, gender role fixity, moral deviance, cultural incompatibility, economic dependency, social contagion, and religious/cultural justification, and social exclusion was the dependent variable. The analysis was performed with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS. Findings suggest that all the seven myths have a great impact on social exclusion, with social hierarchy and cultural incompatibility having the most significant impacts. The moderation analysis helps to understand that the influence of these myths is reduced by education, media exposure, and social awareness, and their protective effect is revealed. The research highlights the role of awareness, inclusive education and media interventions in the reduction of exclusion and the social equity in Sindh.
Algorithmic Mediation and Student Creativity: Large Language Models, Academic Writing, and the Convergence of Ideas in Irish Higher Education
The growing use of large language models in higher education has intensified debate about their influence on student writing and creative development. Existing research has often focused on the practical value of these systems for brainstorming, drafting, and improving efficiency in academic tasks. Less attention has been given to whether regular reliance on algorithmic support affects students’ confidence in generating ideas independently or contributes to greater similarity in written work. This study examines these questions through a quantitative survey of 150 undergraduate and postgraduate students from three Irish institutions: University College Cork, the University of Galway, and Maynooth University. Participants came from a range of disciplinary backgrounds, and the sample was broadly balanced by gender, comprising 78 female and 72 male students. The survey explored patterns of generative AI use, perceptions of creative self-efficacy, and student views on similarity in academic ideas and written work. The findings indicate a mixed pattern. Many respondents associated ChatGPT with faster idea generation, improved productivity, and useful support during drafting. At the same time, a notable proportion reported greater difficulty developing ideas without assistance and expressed concern that their work was becoming more similar to that of other students using the same tools. Overall, 68.7 per cent believed that their ideas had become more similar to those of other ChatGPT users, while 72.0 per cent reported that ideas they had initially regarded as original later appeared to reflect common AI-generated suggestions. These findings suggest that the educational benefits of AI-assisted writing may coexist with concerns about originality, cognitive dependence, and reduced diversity in academic expression. The study contributes to current debates on cognitive offloading, standardisation in academic writing, and creative development in AI-mediated learning environments, and points to the need for pedagogical approaches that preserve independent thinking and intellectual diversity.
A Comparative Analysis of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Laws in Pakistan and the United Kingdom
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) serve as a vital tool for mobilizing private capital and expertise to address infrastructure deficits, particularly in developing and developed economies alike. This study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of the PPP legal and regulatory frameworks in Pakistan and the United Kingdom. Pakistan’s regime is anchored in the federal Public Private Partnership Authority Act, 2017 (as amended in 2020–2022), supplemented by provincial statutes such as the Sindh PPP Act 2010 and the Punjab PPP Act 2025. These enactments establish dedicated authorities, prescribe standardized procurement processes and promote sector-specific risk allocation to attract investment in a nascent yet rapidly evolving market. In contrast, the United Kingdom’s long-established PPP model, originating with the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) in 1992 and refined through PF2 reforms and guidance from the Infrastructure and Projects Authority, operates without a single overarching statute. It relies instead on policy directives, standard contracts and iterative lessons from decades of implementation, emphasizing value-for-money, transparency and effective hand back mechanisms. Through doctrinal and comparative legal research, this article evaluates institutional structures, procurement procedures, risk distribution, financing models and dispute resolution mechanisms. The findings highlight the UK’s strengths in standardization and investor confidence alongside Pakistan’s flexible, decentralized approach, which faces challenges in capacity building and regulatory predictability. The study concludes with targeted recommendations for Pakistan to adopt UK best practices while preserving contextual adaptations, thereby enhancing PPP efficacy for sustainable infrastructure development in both jurisdictions.