Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Toward Hijras Among Residents in Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

Hijras, recognized as a third gender in South Asia, are a marginalized community in Pakistan facing significant social stigma and exclusion. This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of people in Punjab, Pakistan, towards Hijras. Using a cross-sectional design and convenience sampling, data were collected from 1,546 participants by using a self-designed scale. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Results indicated that 43.72% of respondents were knowledgeable about Hijras, 41.24% had a positive attitude towards them, and 41.04% showed positive practices regarding their rights. Chi-Square analysis revealed that males generally had higher KAP levels than females, possibly due to greater social mobility and interaction with diverse groups. Older individuals displayed more positive attitudes and practices, likely influenced by increased life experience. Higher education levels were associated with greater understanding and acceptance of the Hijras. Professionally, government employees showed the highest KAP levels, suggesting that diversity training enhances empathy. Regional differences highlighted the influence of cultural norms and visibility of Hijras. These findings emphasized the need for targeted educational and policy initiatives to foster inclusivity and reduce discrimination against the Hijra community in Pakistan.