Harassment at Holy Places: A Case Study of Transgender

Abstract

This study explores the lived experiences of transgender individuals in holy places such as mosques, temples, churches, and shrines where spiritual spaces intended to embody compassion and equality often become sites of exclusion and harassment. Despite being perceived as sanctuaries of peace, these institutions sometimes reinforce rigid gender norms and deny access or participation to gender-diverse individuals. Drawing on a qualitative case study approach, the research examines how transgender persons encounter verbal humiliation, social ostracism, physical intimidation, and symbolic or spiritual violence within sacred environments. The study further investigates the emotional, social, and psychological consequences of these behaviors, revealing feelings of spiritual disconnection, unworthiness, and fear. Alongside documenting harassment, the study highlights the resilience and coping strategies transgender individuals adopt to maintain spiritual identity, including forming peer support networks, seeking alternative worship spaces, and reframing their spiritual beliefs. The findings demonstrate that exclusion within holy places is shaped not only by individual prejudice but also by institutional cultures, leadership attitudes, and theological interpretations. The study underscores the need for organizational reforms and inclusive religious practices grounded in dignity, empathy, and equity. By giving voice to transgender experiences, this research contributes to gender, religious, and organizational behavior scholarship while offering practical insights for faith leaders and policymakers committed to inclusive spiritual spaces.