Disinformation on Social Media and The Role of Cybersecurity Laws in Pakistan: Challenges and Policy Responses

Abstract

This paper examines the regulation of disinformation in Pakistan, focusing on the legal frameworks, challenges, and ethical considerations involved in countering the spread of false and misleading information. The central issue addressed is the conflict between safeguarding freedom of speech and protecting society from the harmful effects of disinformation, especially in the digital age. The key objectives of this paper are to analyze the effectiveness of existing laws such as the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA), 2016, the Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Act, 1996, and the Electronic Transactions Ordinance (ETO), 2002, in combating disinformation, and to examine the role of technology and social media platforms in managing online content. The paper finds that while these laws provide a foundation for tackling disinformation, they often face challenges due to vague definitions, inadequate enforcement, and a lack of sufficient resources for law enforcement agencies. Additionally, the digital landscape in Pakistan poses unique challenges, such as the rapid spread of disinformation through social media, limited public awareness of digital literacy, and the difficulty in monitoring online content at scale. The paper also highlights the tension between the need for regulation and concerns over freedom of expression. In conclusion, this paper suggests that a more effective approach to combating disinformation in Pakistan requires clearer legal definitions, improved collaboration between government and tech companies, and public education on the importance of responsible online behavior.