Narratives in Conflict: Media Framing and Propaganda During the 2025 India-Pakistan War

Abstract

This research study explores how several media narratives developed following the Pahalgam attack in Indian-held Kashmir and the 2025 war it sparked between India and Pakistan. India ran “Operation Sindoor” and Pakistan “Operation Bunyan-e-Marsoos,” while also sparking an information battle. By examining news coverage from Indian, Pakistani and international media during the war, this research reveals that journalism became an important part of the state’s policy. Citing certain communication theories as guides, the paper looks at how media bias, misinformation and online nationalism create public opinion and influence policy decisions. According to the study, the media’s reporting was influenced by ideas and political goals, leaving emotions high and making the conflict a struggle between stories. Research shows there is a need for ethical work in journalism, thorough fact checking and growing awareness of media literacy due to today’s information warfare.